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Conducir sin pensar

"Un experimento en ratas registra el mecanismo de aprendizaje hasta que el comportamiento es automático

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Las tareas que se repiten habitualmente, como conducir diariamente en coche en una ruta determinada, se hacen casi automáticamente, pero conllevan un aprendizaje antes de ser rutinarias también para el cerebro. Existen dos circuitos cerebrales implicados en este tipo de aprendizaje, han comprobado investigadores del Instituto Tecnológico de Massachussets (MIT) y su actividad evoluciona a medida que el comportamiento se convierte en rutinario.

Los investigadores utilizaron el típico experimento de ratas que aprenden a moverse por un laberinto para alcanzar una recompensa (comida) al final del mismo. Por primera vez registraron la actividad de estos dos circuitos durante el aprendizaje y vieron cómo esta actividad neuronal cambiaba a medida que las ratas aprendían.

El equipo dirigido por Ann Graybiel, del Instituto McGovern de Investigación Cerebral , registró la actividad de miles de neuronas en una zona del cerebro. Cuando las ratas llegaban a una bifurcación en forma de T, tenían que decidir si tiraban por la izquierda o por la derecha. La dirección correcta se indicaba mediante un sonido o un toque, que las ratas tenían que aprender mediante el método de prueba y error, como en cualquier tarea.

A medida que las ratas aprendían la ruta correcta, cambiaba la actividad, de forma distinta, en los dos circuitos. Simplificando, en uno disminuyó y en el otro aumentó. "Creemos que actúan en paralelo", explica Catherine Thorn, primera firmante del estudio, publicado en Neuron.

"Estos circuitos cerebrales se ven afectados por la enfermedad de Parkinson, la drogadicción y en muchos trastornos siquiátricos", explica Gaybriel. "Si pudiéramos aprender cómo reforzar uno u otro, podríamos ayudar en el desarrollo de nuevas terapias". Sin embargo, en la vida cotidiana, "está bien saber que se puede entrenar al cerebro en hábitos saludables y evitar los perjudiciales", dice.

http://www.elpais.com/articulo/sociedad/Conducir/pensar/elpepusoc/20100609elpepusoc_10/Tes

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